Guyss,, ini nihh macam-macam yang ketiga dari
reading skill. Critical reading.. Banyak banget strategi – strategi yang bisa
kalian dapetin disini.. Mungkin ada 100, haha bercanda,, yach ada lumayan
banyak sih moga bermanfaat yack buat kalian... Let’s read it 0(n_n)0 ,, Have fun, Guuyss..
CRITICAL READING
Critical reading means that a reader applies
certain processes, models, questions, and theories that result in enhanced
clarity and comprehension. There is more involved, both in effort and
understanding, in a critical reading than in a mere "skimming" of the
text. What is the difference? If a reader "skims" the text,
superficial characteristics and information are as far as the reader goes. A
critical reading gets at "deep structure" (if there is such a thing
apart from the superficial text!), that is, logical consistency, tone,
organization, and a number of other very important sounding terms.
Strategies
Of Critical Reading
1. Prepare to become part of the writer's audience.
After all, authors design
texts for specific audiences, and becoming a member of the target audience
makes it easier to get at the author's purpose. Learn about the author, the
history of the author and the text, the author's anticipated audience; read introductions
and notes.
2. Prepare to read with an open mind.
Critical readers seek
knowledge; they do not "rewrite" a work to suit their own
personalities. Your task as an enlightened critical reader is to read what is
on the page, giving the writer a fair chance to develop ideas and allowing
yourself to reflect thoughtfully, objectively, on the text.
3. Consider the title.
This may seem obvious, but the
title may provide clues to the writer's attitude, goals, personal viewpoint, or
approach.
4. Read slowly.
Again, this appears obvious,
but it is a factor in a "close reading." By slowing down, you will
make more connections within the text.
5. Use the dictionary and other appropriate
reference works.
If there is a word in the text
that is not clear or difficult to define in context: look it up. Every word is
important, and if part of the text is thick with technical terms, it is doubly
important to know how the author is using them.
6. Make notes.
Jot down marginal notes,
underline and highlight, write down ideas in a notebook, do whatever works for
your own personal taste. Note for yourself the main ideas, the thesis, the
author's main points to support the theory. Writing while reading aids your
memory in many ways, especially by making a link that is unclear in the text
concrete in your own writing.
7. Keep a reading journal
In addition to note-taking, it
is often helpful to regularly record your responses and thoughts in a more
permanent place that is yours to consult. By developing a habit of reading and
writing in conjunction, both skills will improve.
8. Previewing: Learning about a text before really reading it.
Previewing enables readers to get a
sense of what the text is about and how it is organized before reading it
closely. This simple strategy includes seeing what you can learn from the
headnotes or other introductory material, skimming to get an overview of the
content and organization, and identifying the rhetorical situation.
9. Contextualizing: Placing a text in its historical, biographical, and cultural contexts.
When you read a text, you read it
through the lens of your own experience. Your understanding of the words on the
page and their significance is informed by what you have come to know and value
from living in a particular time and place. But the texts you read were all
written in the past, sometimes in a radically different time and place. To read
critically, you need to contextualize, to recognize the differences between
your contemporary values and attitudes and those represented in the text.
10. Questioning
to understand and remember: Asking questions about
the content.
As students, you are accustomed (I hope)
to teachers asking you questions about your reading. These questions are
designed to help you understand a reading and respond to it more fully, and
often this technique works. When you need to understand and use new information
though it is most beneficial if you write the questions, as you read the text
for the first time. With this strategy, you can write questions any time, but
in difficult academic readings, you will understand the material better and
remember it longer if you write a question for every paragraph or brief
section. Each question should focus on a main idea, not on illustrations or
details, and each should be expressed in your own words, not just copied from
parts of the paragraph.
11. Reflecting on challenges to your beliefs and
values: Examining your personal
responses.
The reading that you do for this class
might challenge your attitudes, your unconsciously held beliefs, or your
positions on current issues. As you read a text for the first time, mark an X
in the margin at each point where you feel a personal challenge to your
attitudes, beliefs, or status. Make a brief note in the margin about what you
feel or about what in the text created the challenge. Now look again at the
places you marked in the text where you felt personally challenged. What
patterns do you see?
12. Outlining and summarizing: Identifying the main ideas and restating them in your own words.
Outlining and summarizing are especially
helpful strategies for understanding the content and structure of a reading
selection. Whereas outlining reveals the basic structure of the text,
summarizing synopsizes a selection's main argument in brief. Outlining may be
part of the annotating process, or it may be done separately (as it is in this
class). The key to both outlining and summarizing is being able to distinguish
between the main ideas and the supporting ideas and examples. The main ideas
form the backbone, the strand that holds the various parts and pieces of the
text together. Outlining the main ideas helps you to discover this structure.
When you make an outline, don't use the text's exact words.
Summarizing
begins with outlining, but instead of merely listing the main ideas, a summary
recomposes them to form a new text. Whereas outlining depends on a close
analysis of each paragraph, summarizing also requires creative synthesis.
Putting ideas together again -- in your own words and in a condensed form --
shows how reading critically can lead to deeper understanding of any text.
13. Evaluating an argument: Testing the logic of a text as well as its credibility and emotional
impact.
All writers make assertions that they
want you to accept as true. As a critical reader, you should not accept
anything on face value but to recognize every assertion as an argument that
must be carefully evaluated. An argument has two essential parts: a claim and
support. The claim asserts a conclusion -- an idea, an opinion, a judgment, or
a point of view -- that the writer wants you to accept. The support includes
reasons (shared beliefs, assumptions, and values) and evidence (facts,
examples, statistics, and authorities) that give readers the basis for
accepting the conclusion. When you assess an argument, you are concerned with
the process of reasoning as well as its truthfulness (these are not the same
thing). At the most basic level, in order for an argument to be acceptable, the
support must be appropriate to the claim and the statements must be consistent
with one another.
14. Comparing and contrasting related readings: Exploring likenesses and differences between texts to understand them
better.
0 komentar:
Posting Komentar